https://linguisticsweb.org/ 2026-04-24T16:46:54+00:00 https://linguisticsweb.org/ https://linguisticsweb.org/lib/tpl/starter/images/favicon.ico text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:abstract_noun&rev=1601547777&do=diff abstract noun A noun that refers to an abstract concept, e.g. ideas or qualities. Examples: love, democracy, independence text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:acoustic_phonetics&rev=1601547777&do=diff acoustic phonetics Acoustic phonetics studies the physical aspects of sounds: those aspects and physical processes occurring in the transmission of physical sounds from the speaker to the listener. A speaker produces sound waves which are then transmitted through the air. As sound waves differ physically according to their amplitude, frequency and intensity, different sounds of language are possible. Instruments exist capable of recording the different physical properties of sounds and acousti… text/html 2021-11-03T08:27:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:acronymics&rev=1635924455&do=diff acronym Words formed from the initial letters of a phrase are called acronyms. In an acronym, the initial letters of the underlying phrase are joined together to form a new word that is pronounced as a word and not as the sequence of the individual letters. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:affective_meaning&rev=1601547777&do=diff affective meaning Positive and negative attitudes towards lexemes and their meaning. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:57+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:affixation&rev=1601547777&do=diff affixation * prefixation * suffixation * infixation text/html 2021-01-26T23:21:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:allomorph&rev=1611699686&do=diff allomorph Different morphs representing the same morpheme are called the 'allomorphs of the morpheme; they are different realizations of a morpheme. Example 1: The realizations of the English plural {Z1} A well-described example is the realization of the plural in English {Z1} which is either realized as a voiced or voiceless allophone depending on the quality of the previous phoneme. The morpho-phonemic rule representing the distribution of the plural s realizations looks like this: text/html 2021-11-03T21:19:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:allophone&rev=1635970749&do=diff allophone One of the realisations of a phoneme. Phonemes are realised differently in different positions. Depending on the other sounds occurring in the phonetic context, these different realisations of a phoneme are called the allophones of the phoneme. This may be illustrated based on the phoneme text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:allophonic_transcription&rev=1601547778&do=diff allophonic transcription Transcription capturing distinctions between speech sounds that are below the level of contrastive speech sounds, i.e. phonemic differences. text/html 2021-11-03T08:28:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:alphabetism&rev=1635924487&do=diff alphabetism Alphabetism is the term that denotes the concept of words being formed on the basis of the initial letters of a phrase or combination of words. In alphabetisms, the initial letters of the words constituting the underlying phrase are spelled out idividually as in text/html 2022-07-17T11:18:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:anaphora&rev=1658049526&do=diff anaphora | anaphoric reference Repetition of the same content by means of another form, e.g. nominal phrases such as “the man” or “John” may be referenced in the following sentence by means of a personal pronoun “he”: John went into town again yesterday. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:annotation&rev=1601547778&do=diff annotation Annotation is the process whereby data is enriched by additional information in order to make abstract features and structures visible; the process of annotating specific linguistic features, relationships, or structures in a text (usually in corpus). text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:annotation_tool&rev=1601547778&do=diff annotation tool A tool developed with a view to facilitating the application of a specific annotation scheme ( or schemes ) , making the annotation process faster and more user-friendly. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:antonym&rev=1601547778&do=diff antonym A word that expresses the opposite of the meaning of another word. Example : hot is an antonym of cold. See also: antonymy (oppositeness of meaning) text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:appliedlinguistics&rev=1601547778&do=diff applied linguistics The use of a theoretical model or approach to describe a language in a new and different manner. Application of theoretical models of language description in practical contexts such as language teaching, lexicography, computational linguistics. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:articulatoryphonetics&rev=1601547778&do=diff articulatory phonetics Branch of phonetics concerned with the organs involved in the production of speech sounds ; describes and classifies speech sounds based on the organs of speech involved in their production and the manner of their production. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:associativemeaning&rev=1601547779&do=diff associative meaning Words may be synonymous but differ in their associative meaning; see also affective meaning. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:auditoryphonetics&rev=1601547779&do=diff auditory phonetics Auditory phonetics is concerned with the study of the reception and perception of sounds. The physiology of the ear and how acoustic sensations are sent to the brain comprise the two areas of auditory phonetics. Due to the different physical characteristics of sounds (received as sound waves), different sounds can be perceived by the listener. It is still unclear which processes are involved in the perception of sounds and no further comments will be made here. Interested rea… text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:backformation&rev=1601547779&do=diff back formation Formation of a new word by removal of a morph that is or resembles an affix. Examples: to edit, v. from editor, n. to lase, v. from laser, n. * *Note that this last example is especially striking as laser is an acronym of the phrase text/html 2021-11-03T08:38:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:bilingual_corpus&rev=1635925103&do=diff bilingual corpus Bilingual corpora are comprised of language data from two languages, sometimes organized as parallel or comparable texts, i.e. texts of approximately the same contents and register. Some corpora are comprised of more than two languages in which case we speak of multilingual corpora. Note that there are different types of multilingual corpora: translation corpora, comparable corpora. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:blending&rev=1601547779&do=diff blending The arbitrary merging of two words, no analysis into constituent morphemes is possible because not the full morphs are joined but only arbitrary parts thereof. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:boundmorpheme&rev=1601547779&do=diff bound morpheme A morpheme that can only function in a combination with at least another free or bound morpheme. For another type of morpheme cf. free morpheme. text/html 2020-10-01T12:22:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:cardinalvowelsystem&rev=1601547779&do=diff cardinal vowel system The physiologically based system for the description of vowels. An attempt to produce vowel sounds at extreme positions in the mouth and at positions in-between that appear to be at equal distance and to describe all vowel sounds relative to these positions. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:chunk&rev=1601547780&do=diff chunk A sequence of words in text that constitutes a non-recursive, elementary grouping of a particular syntactic category (e.g. nominal, prepositional). text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:clipping&rev=1601547780&do=diff clipping The arbitrary cutting off of parts of a word , clipped words are mostly used informally. Type of clipping Clipped form Full form Back-clipping mag magazine Fore-clipping bus omnibus Fore- and Back-clipping flu influenza text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:co-hyponym&rev=1601547780&do=diff co-hyponym Lexemes included at the same level under the same superordinate term. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:collocation&rev=1601547780&do=diff collocation Basic definition: Habitual and recurrent co-occurrences of two or more words. Some simple examples: * catchy tune * handy tool * to commit a crime * the dog barks text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:collocationalmeaning&rev=1601547780&do=diff collocational meaning The meaning words acquire only in the context of specific other words with which they habitually co-occur. Examples: white coffee flat white age of consent confirmed bachelor *Note that habituality in this sense is often modelled in terms of frequency of co-occurrence in quantitative approaches to linguistic data. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:complement&rev=1601547780&do=diff complement The term complement describes that post-head (verb) sentence element that completes the meaning of the phrase. Pre-head string Head Post-head string Peter plays the piano Peter plays the piano beautifully. Peter likes coffee text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:conjugation&rev=1601547780&do=diff conjugation Inflection of the verbs. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:connotation&rev=1601547781&do=diff connotation Individual associations people have when analysing word meaning due to their own personal experience. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:consonant&rev=1601547781&do=diff consonant Phonetically , consonants are most easily described in terms of their articulation because the organs involved and the points at which they make contact with other organs of speech are easily observable ; their articulation is accompanied by a clearly felt obstruction or contact made by the organs of speech involved consonants may be produced with or without voice ( vocal fold vibration ) ; consonants have a marginal position in the syllable , no syllabic function ( i.e. a syllable in… text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:constituentanalysis&rev=1601547781&do=diff constituent analysis Analysis of a sentence structure into constituents based on substitution. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:contextualmeaning&rev=1601547781&do=diff contextual meaning The meaning a lexeme acquires due to the social and cultural context/environment in which a word is used. Also referred to as situational meaning. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:conversion&rev=1601547781&do=diff conversion The use of a word from one word class in another word class without any change of form. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:corpus&rev=1601547781&do=diff corpus Latin word for body, in principle any collection of more than one text. In the context of modern linguistics, a principled collection of natural language material. Can contain samples or whole texts, e.g. sentences, conversations, or books. Often enriched with additional information like annotations ( POS-tags, Parsing , etc. ). The primary purpose of a corpus is not to preserve and display text as in an archive or a library; a corpus is a collection with a particular linguistic purpose … text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:danieljones&rev=1601547781&do=diff Daniel Jones Devised the Cardinal Vowel System for the description of vowels. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:declaratives&rev=1601547782&do=diff declaratives The speaker alters the external status or condition of an object or situation by making the utterance. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:declension&rev=1601547782&do=diff declension Noun / pronoun/ adjective ( nominal ) inflection. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:deepstructure&rev=1601547782&do=diff deep structure Term used in generative grammar to denote the underlying structure of a sentence before it has passed through the phonological and semantic components of the grammar and before any transformations have taken effect ; text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:defaultmeaning&rev=1601547782&do=diff default meaning A basic meaning of a polysemous term , which can be activated for computational use in the absence of any more detailed clues as to the correct meaning intended. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:deicticexpressions&rev=1601547782&do=diff deictic expressions See deixis. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:deixis&rev=1601547782&do=diff deixis Expressions that can only be interpreted with reference to the speaker`s position in space and time and knowledge thereof. PERSONAL DEIXIS - the use of personal pronouns (I , we , you) that only acquire their specific meaning in relation to the speaker. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:denotativemeaning&rev=1601547782&do=diff denotative meaning See referential meaning. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:derivation&rev=1601547783&do=diff derivation The formation of new lexemes by affixation. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:descriptivegrammar&rev=1601547783&do=diff descriptive grammar An attempt to describe language as it is being used, regardless whether it is correct or not. See : prescriptive grammar. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:developmentcorpus&rev=1601547783&do=diff development corpus Consists of language data produced by children who learn their first language ( L1 ) as opposed to a learner corpus. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:diachroniccorpus&rev=1601547783&do=diff diachronic corpus Contains language data collected from different time periods , as opposed to a synchronic corpus. Such a corpus can be used to investigate language change ; typically contains only written language data. Also referred to as historical corpus. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:directives&rev=1601547783&do=diff directives The speaker tries to get the hearer to do something. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:directobject&rev=1601547783&do=diff direct object Is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a transitive verb in an active sentence. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:discourseanalysis&rev=1601547783&do=diff discourse analysis Branch of linguistics concerned with the way in which sentences work in sequence to produce coherent stretches of language ; observes structures and processes taking place across sentence boundaries and texts. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:discoveryprocedures&rev=1601547784&do=diff discovery procedures Clearly specified and explicit procedures employed in the analysis of sentence structure. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:distinctivefeature&rev=1601547784&do=diff distinctive feature A feature that is able to signal a difference in meaning by changing its plus or minus value. text/html 2024-02-13T10:50:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:ditransitive_verb&rev=1707817846&do=diff ditransitive verb - direct object and indirect object The direct object of ditransitive verbs is the so-called accusative object answering the question “who” or “what” (German: “wen” oder “was”), the indirect object is the so-called text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:etymologicalmeaning&rev=1601547784&do=diff etymological meaning See Historical Meaning text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:expressives&rev=1601547784&do=diff expressives The speaker expresses an attitude about a state of affairs. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:factorsinvolvedinlinguisticcommunication&rev=1601547784&do=diff factors involved in linguistic communication * situation / environment * speaker * transmission * hearer text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:felicityconditions&rev=1601547784&do=diff felicity conditions Preparatory conditions have to be fulfilled : * the person executing the speech act has to have the authority to do so; * certain procedures have to be followed, e.g. when baptising a person the procedure must be executes correctly and completely; text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:forensic_linguistics&rev=1601547784&do=diff forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics is an area of discourse analysis that is concerned with legal discourses, language use in legal contexts, and the application of linguistic knowledge to elicit legal evidence from linguistic data. The term was first introduced by Jan Svartvik in 1968 (see: John Olsson 2008. Forensic Linguistics, Second Edition. London: Continuum). text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:freemorpheme&rev=1601547784&do=diff free morpheme A morpheme that can function alone as a word. text/html 2021-02-07T11:53:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:freevariation&rev=1612695193&do=diff free variation Sometimes variations of a phoneme occur in the same position but do not cause a difference in meaning ; they are in free variation , i.e. one can be replaced by the other without causing a difference in function or meaning, i.e. without being distinctive. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:functionalmorpheme&rev=1601547785&do=diff functional morpheme Pronouns , conjunctions text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:generalcorpus&rev=1601547785&do=diff general corpus Covers a wide range of text categories and domains which typically represent the language or language variety under consideration; can contain written data, spoken data or both. Useful resource for investigating linguistic features of a language or a language variety. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:generalterms&rev=1601547785&do=diff general terms Terminology of basic linguistic concepts , which are non-specific to any other category or linguistic formalism. Unclassified terminology. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:glossary_index&rev=1601547785&do=diff text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:glottis&rev=1601547785&do=diff glottis The variable opening between the vocal folds, acts as a valve the glottis typically assumes 3 positions in the production of speech: tightly closed with air pent up beneath it as in the production of plosives and the glottal stop open as for normal breathing loosely together, acting as a vibrator; this is their typical position in the production of speech; the vocal folds are brought loosely together so that they vibrate when subjected to the airstream coming from the lungs; this vibrat… text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:grammaticalmeaning&rev=1601547786&do=diff grammatical meaning Information a word conveys by being marked for gender, case, number, tense; text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:grammaticalmorpheme&rev=1601547786&do=diff grammatical morpheme A closed set of morphemes marking words grammatically for tense, person, gender, number. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:hardpalate&rev=1601547786&do=diff hard palate The bony arch that forms the actual roof of the mouth. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:heteronym&rev=1601547786&do=diff heteronym Different words spelled the same but pronounced differently. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:historicalcorpus&rev=1601547786&do=diff historical corpus See diachronic corpus. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:historicalmeaning&rev=1601547786&do=diff historical meaning The historical background of a word`s meaning; the development of a word and its meaning at a particular stage in time. Also referred to as etymological meaning. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:homograph&rev=1601547786&do=diff homograph Lexemes with different meanings , different pronunciations but the same spelling. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:homonyms&rev=1601547787&do=diff homonyms Two lexemes with different, unrelated meanings but the same spelling and the same pronunciation. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:homophone&rev=1601547787&do=diff homophone Lexemes with different meanings, different spelling but the same pronunciation. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:hyperonymy&rev=1601547787&do=diff hyperonymy Relationship of abstraction; X is the parent of Y; cf. Hyponymy for converse relation. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:hyponymy&rev=1601547787&do=diff hyponymy Relationship of inclusion; X is a kind of Y. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:immediateconstituent&rev=1601547787&do=diff immediate constituent Sentence constituents on directly adjacent hierarchical levels text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:indirectobject&rev=1601547787&do=diff indirect object Is not directly affected by the action , but can either receive the direct object or have the action done for them. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:infelicities&rev=1601547787&do=diff infelicities Unsuccessful performatives. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:infixation&rev=1601547787&do=diff infixation The formation of a new lexeme by inserting a morpheme into a word. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:inflection&rev=1601547788&do=diff inflection The marking of words for tense, person, case and number by means of inflectional morphemes (concerned with the internal structure of words). Compare also: Conjugation, Declension. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:intransitiveverbs&rev=1601547788&do=diff intransitive verbs Express actions that do not require that the agent does something to something else. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:ipa&rev=1601547788&do=diff IPA International Phonetics Association ( dt. : Internationaler Lautschriftverein ) organisation responsible for the international phonetic alphabet that has become established as a widely accepted standard transcription system. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:langage-langue-parole&rev=1601547788&do=diff langage - langue - parole Langage – the abstract language system Parole – the actual concrete acts of speaking ( by Ferdinand de Saussure ) text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:larynx&rev=1601547788&do=diff larynx A casing formed of cartilage and muscle situated in the trachea. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:learnercorpus&rev=1601547788&do=diff learner corpus Collection of spoken or written language data produced by learners of a second language ( L2 ) , as opposed to a development corpora. Mistakes and proficiency of language learners can be explored by cross-sectional or longitudinal analysis. Results can be used to improve textbooks and methodology for language teaching. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:lemmatization&rev=1601547788&do=diff lemmatization Closely related to the identification of parts of speech in a corpus is the process of lemmatization. It involves the reduction of inflectional variants of the words to the respective lemmas or lexemes. It is mostly used as a corpus annotation in works of digital lexicography or vocabulary, where words like text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:lexeme&rev=1601547789&do=diff lexeme * Word regarded as an abstract object; * the term that forms the head term for all the different realisations; * word-forms of a word; * the term LEXEME is used in the sense of a dictionary entry, an address under which the actual possible realisations of a word in the language are subsumed text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:lexicalfield&rev=1601547789&do=diff lexical field See Semantic Field text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:lexicalmorpheme&rev=1601547789&do=diff lexical morpheme Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs - an open set of lexical items that can be increased by means of word formation or borrowing. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:lexicon&rev=1601547789&do=diff lexicon Component of the grammar containing information about lexical items such as their grammatical category, information on selection restriction in certain contexts and information on semantic idiosyncrasies. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:linkingverbs&rev=1601547789&do=diff linking verbs Link the relationship between the agent and the rest of the sentence. A frequent example are forms of the verb “to be” functioning as linking verbs in examples such as: “This is beautiful.” “My dogs are content to spend the afternoon dozing on the kitchen sofa. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:lungs&rev=1601547789&do=diff lungs The lungs are an organ in human physiology that is instrumental in the production of speech as a secondary function, their primary funtion being the vital funtion of breathing and providing oxygen to the body. In the production of speech, the lungs are instrumental in the production of: text/html 2020-11-08T12:58:25+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:mannersofarticulation&rev=1604836705&do=diff manners of articulation How the airflow is controlled. They are: * stop/plosive * fricative * affricate * lateral * nasal * frictionless continuant text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:minimalpairanalysis&rev=1601547790&do=diff minimal pair analysis Discovery procedure to establish the phonemes of a language. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:minimalpairs&rev=1601547790&do=diff minimal pairs Pairs of words which are different in respect of only one sound segment. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:monitorcorpus&rev=1601547790&do=diff monitor corpus Dynamic corpus without a fixed size, because new language data is regularly added as opposed to a sample corpus. In spite of increasing corpus size proportion of text types included in the corpus should remain constant ; typically larger in size than a sample corpus. Collected to illustrate language change in different time periods (e.g. distribution of neologisms), similar to diachronic corpus , but covers normally a shorter span of time. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:monolingualcorpus&rev=1601547790&do=diff monolingual corpus Contains language data from only one corpus as opposed to a Multilingual Corpus. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:morph&rev=1601547790&do=diff morph The physical forms representing a morpheme in a language. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:morpheme&rev=1601547790&do=diff morpheme The morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure. text/html 2024-02-05T19:23:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:morphology&rev=1707157421&do=diff morphology Branch of linguistics concerned with the internal structure of words 1) derivational morphology - word-formation by means of derivational morphemes. Examples of processes of derivation are prefixation (example: 'inaccurate' --> 'in-' + 'accurate') and suffixation (example: 'baker' text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:morphophonemicrule&rev=1601547791&do=diff morphophonemic rule Rule specifying which allomorph occurs in which position / phonetic environment. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:multilingualcorpus&rev=1601547791&do=diff multilingual corpus Involving language data from more than one language ; can be applied in contrastive linguistics , second language teaching , translation studies and for the practical training of translators and interpreters. Resource for machine translation and bilingual and multilingual dictionary projects. Hyperonym to bilingual corpus. Types : - Parallel Corpus - Comparable Corpus text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:nasalcavity&rev=1601547791&do=diff nasal cavity The resonating cavity above the mouth that is involved in the production of nasalised and nasal speech sounds. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:nativespeakerintuitions&rev=1601547791&do=diff native speaker intuitions - grammaticality * acceptability * well-formedness text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:naturallanguageinteraction&rev=1601547791&do=diff natural language interaction An exchange between a human and a computer system , in which the human is allowed to formulate request in natural language , in spoken or written form , as stand-alone sentences or in the context of a dialogue , and the computer converts this input into machine-tractable form. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:neo-classicalcombining&rev=1601547791&do=diff neo-classical combining Formation of new words on the basis of morphemes of Latin or Greek origin , often also in combination with genuinely English words. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:noamchomsky&rev=1601547791&do=diff Noam Chomsky American linguist ; initiator and developer of transformational generative grammar. 'By gaining a better understanding of how language works one may gain a better understanding of the human mind ' ( Noam Chomsky ) . text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:noun&rev=1601547792&do=diff noun Part of speech most commonly denoting person, place, thing, idea, animal, quality, activity. The part of speech that is the head of a noun phrase. Functionally, nouns are the heads of noun phrases constituting the subject or object of the sentence, or occur in noun phrases as constituents of prepositional phrases. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:object&rev=1601547792&do=diff object Is the part of the sentence that stands for who or what “receives the action” of a transitive verb or a verbal it can be: * direct * indirect text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:onomatopoeia&rev=1601547792&do=diff onomatopoeia The imitation of naturally occurring sounds. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:operandconditioning&rev=1601547792&do=diff operand conditioning Assumption that the consequences in the behaviour produces changes of the environment. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:oralcavity&rev=1601547792&do=diff oral cavity The mouth. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:organsofspeech&rev=1601547792&do=diff organs of speech Organs involved in the production of speech. They also have other primary functions. * nasal cavity * oral cavity * teeth * lips * palate * velum * glottis * etc. text/html 2024-02-11T15:49:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:palato-alveolar_fricative&rev=1707662993&do=diff palato-alveloar fricative Following Gimson's “Pronunciation of English”, I use palato-alveloar fricative for the voiceless and voiced English phonemes represented in the IPA as /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ respectively. I thus follow the description in Gimson (2008: 201) in describing the text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:paradigmaticrelation&rev=1601547792&do=diff paradigmatic relation The relationship between contrasting signs occurring in the same position/slot in the structure. For antonymic relation cf. Syntagmatic Relation. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:parametersusedinthedescriptionofconsonants&rev=1601547793&do=diff parameters used in the description of consonants * Voicing * Place of articulation * Manner of articulation phonetic table of English consonants [English consonants] Table 1-1: English consonant table text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:parametersusedinthedescriptionofvowels&rev=1601547793&do=diff parameters used in the description of vowels * Height of tongue (raising) * Forward position of tongue * Lip rounding/spreading text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:parsing&rev=1601547793&do=diff parsing The process of determining the structure that a given grammar assigns to a particular string within its language. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:partofspeechtag&rev=1601547793&do=diff part of speech tag A label specifying a part of speech. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:performance&rev=1601547793&do=diff performance Actual language use with all its errors and imperfections such as slips of the tongue, incomplete sentences, etc. Also refered to as competence. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:performatives&rev=1601547793&do=diff performatives Speech acts which are equivalent to actions; they have no truth value; perfomatives adhere to certain rules, so-called felicity conditions, that are implicitly agreed upon by the speakers of a language community Types of performatives as distinguished by J.R. Searle, 1976: text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:pharynx&rev=1601547793&do=diff pharynx Area above the larynx up to the root of the tongue and the rear of the soft palate the escape of air through the pharynx is influenced by 3 positions of the soft palate: * The soft palate may be lowered, as in normal breathing, so that air can escape through nose and mouth (position assumed for the so-called French nasalised sounds) text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phone&rev=1601547794&do=diff phone Neutral term for speech sound in a language. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phoneme&rev=1601547794&do=diff phoneme The smallest contrastive linguistic unit of sound which may bring about a difference in meaning; distinctive sound in a language. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phonemicrule&rev=1601547794&do=diff phonemic rule A notation that captures the different realisations (allophone) of a speech sound in its different environments. Also refered to as phonological rule. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phonemictranscription&rev=1601547794&do=diff phonemic transcription When symbols are allocated only to the contrastive speech sounds of the language. Also referred to as broad transcription. When symbols are allocated only to the contrastive speech sounds of the language when symbols are allocated only to the contrastive speech sounds of the language text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phonetics&rev=1601547794&do=diff phonetics Traditional phonetics - the study of the physical/material (acoustic, auditory, articulatory) aspects of speech sounds; the scope of modern phonetics does not allow such a rigid restriction to the physical aspects of language but includes functional aspects in the scope of phonetics as well. text/html 2021-01-26T23:21:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phonologicalconditioning&rev=1611699714&do=diff phonological conditioning Phonological conditioning is the process whereby phonemes become assimilated to match the properties of adjacent phonemes. Example: inefficient illogical impossible irregular text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phonologicalrule&rev=1601547794&do=diff phonological rule See phonemic rule. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phonology&rev=1601547795&do=diff phonology The study of the functional aspects of speech sounds; The system of the speech sounds of a language; Studies the smallest phonetic units of language that are distinctive in language (i.e. that cause a difference in meaning) the study of the functional aspects of speech sounds; the system of the speech sounds of a language; studies the smallest phonetic units of language that are distinctive in language (i.e. that cause a difference in meaning) text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phrasemarker&rev=1601547795&do=diff phrase marker Formal representation of a sentence structure: bracketing, hierarchical tree structure. Also referred to as P-marker. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:phrasestructurerules&rev=1601547795&do=diff phrase structure rules Rules specifying and formally representing the formation of new sentences. Also referred to as PS rules. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:placesofarticulation&rev=1601547795&do=diff places of articulation Where the articulation happens: * bilabial * labiodental * dental * alveolar * post-alveolar * palato-alveolar * palatal * velar * glottal text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:polysemiclexeme&rev=1601547795&do=diff polysemous lexeme One lexeme with several related meanings. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:postagging&rev=1601547795&do=diff part of speech tagging POS ( cf. part of speech tag) tagging is the short form for part of speech tagging which denotes the process of automatically assigning each word in a tokenized text a word class label from a list of part of speech tags. Part of speech tagging is implemented on the basis of principally two strategies : text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:pragmatics&rev=1601547795&do=diff pragmatics Branch of linguistics concerned with language in social interaction and the different purposes for which language is used by humans in order to achieve particular effects. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:predicate&rev=1601547796&do=diff predicate That part of the sentence which makes a statement or asks a question. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:prefixation&rev=1601547796&do=diff prefixation The formation of a new lexeme by adding a prefix to a free morpheme. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:prescriptivegrammar&rev=1601547796&do=diff prescriptive grammar An attempt to demonstrate the user of the language how to use grammar in order to speak correctly. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:propernouns&rev=1601547796&do=diff proper nouns The names of specific things, people and places; usually begin with capital letters. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:prosodicfeature&rev=1601547796&do=diff prosodic feature See suprasegmental feature. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:psycholinguistics&rev=1601547796&do=diff psycholinguistics Is concerned with the investigation of processes of language acquisition (L1 and L2 acquisition), language processing in the human mind (language production and comprehension). text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:qualitativedifferencesbetweenhumanandanimalcommunication&rev=1601547796&do=diff qualitative differences between human and animal communication Principle of duality: expression of new meanings by rearranging linguistic units such as sounds or words. us at the sound level of language ; there are about 38 different sounds or signals in English. The word “not” consists of three individual sounds which, if placed in a different order, permit us to form the word “ton”. The same principle is involved in the production of sentences, as we can use the same words but produce differe… text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:referentialmeaning&rev=1601547797&do=diff referential meaning Description of meaning according to qualities/properties that all objects to which a lexeme refers have in common ; dictionary definitions chiefly supply such referential definitions. Also referred to as denotative meaning. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:regularexpressions&rev=1601547797&do=diff regular expressions Regular expressions (regex) are patterns that can be used for querying strings of text. A basic understanding of them enables you to formulate complex queries to analyze corpus data. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:representatives&rev=1601547797&do=diff representatives The speaker is committed to the truth of the proposition. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:rootcreation&rev=1601547797&do=diff root creation Invented words that have been coined without linguistic motivation and not based on previously existing morpheme material in the language ( rare ) . text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:samplecorpus&rev=1601547797&do=diff sample corpus Has a finite size as opposed to monitor corpus ; It aims to sample language data in a balanced way and is designed to represent a particular language or language variety at a certain time. Most types of corpora are sample corpora. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:semanticfeature&rev=1601547797&do=diff semantic feature Semantic feature analysis attempts to isolate typical features that describe the meanings of different lexemes; attempts have been made to reduce the number of semantic features employed. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:semanticfield&rev=1601547798&do=diff semantic field Groups of morphemes sharing a set of semantic features. Also referred to as lexical field. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:semantics&rev=1601547798&do=diff semantics The study of word meaning; in a broader sense also the study of meaning relations between words, and within phrases and sentences, i.e. the study of linguistic meaning. text/html 2023-01-28T11:00:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:semivowel&rev=1674900041&do=diff semivowel Certain sounds, 'j' and 'w', are intermediate and must be considered to display features that are commonly attributed to vowels and consonants. On the one hand, they are produced with no perceived structure in the air stream which makes them much like vowels, yet based on their typical position in the sequence of consonants and vowels in the syllable, they must be said to function as consonants. Such sounds are therefore often referred to as text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:situationalmeaning&rev=1601547798&do=diff situational meaning See contextual meaning text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:sociolinguistics&rev=1601547798&do=diff sociolinguistics The study of influences of the structure of society on language and language users. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:specializedcorpus&rev=1601547798&do=diff specialized corpus Focuses on a certain domain or genre. In contrast to a general corpus a specialized corpus is designed to represent a sub-language. Offers a useful resource for exploring the varying language use in certain domains and genres. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:speechacts&rev=1601547798&do=diff speech acts (term used almost synonymously and has later replaced the term performative) * utterance/locutionary act - a communicative act taking place; * illocutionary act - the act that is performed as a result of the locutionary act; * perlocutinary act - effect of the utterance on the listener text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:speechsound&rev=1601547798&do=diff speech sound A human sound produced as part of an utterance/as a means of communication. A sound used in linguistic communication. text/html 2023-01-28T11:01:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:spo&rev=1674900074&do=diff SPO aka SVO sentence word-order: subject - predicate - object often also seen in the literature as: SVO subject - verb - object text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:spokencorpus&rev=1601547799&do=diff spoken corpus Focusing on spoken data these corpora are a resource for investigating features of spoken language. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:start&rev=1601547799&do=diff glossary This section of linguisticsweb.org offers a glossary of terms in linguistics and related disciplines. Dear students, please note that while the list is fairly comprehensive, it does in no way imply that this is all there is to know about linguistics or that any of the definitions do in any way reflect all there is to know about any given concept. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:structuralism&rev=1601547799&do=diff structuralism A more systematic approach to analysing and classifying elements in a language; an attempt to describe sentence structure and elements according to syntactic criteria alone without reference to meaning: * explicit discovery procedures for the analysis of language; description of constituents and immediate constituents of sentence structure: text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:subject&rev=1601547799&do=diff subject Word-class category which refers to the person or thing about which an assertion is made or a question is asked, or who is the agent or doer of the action. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:subjectcomplement&rev=1601547799&do=diff subject complement Can either be a predicate noun, which renames the subject (a), or a predicate adjective, which describes the subject (b). text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:suffixation&rev=1601547800&do=diff suffixation The formation of a new lexeme by adding a suffix to a free morpheme. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:suprasegmentalfeature&rev=1601547800&do=diff suprasegmental feature The way to use sounds applied not to individual segments, but to the spoken discourse from words to phrases, clauses and sentences: * intonation (rising, falling, level) * stress * pause/juncture Also referred to as prosodic feature. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:surfacestructure&rev=1601547800&do=diff surface structure The actual surface realisation of a sentence after it has passed through phonological, semantic and transformational components. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:synchroniccorpus&rev=1601547800&do=diff synchronic corpus In contrast to a diachronic corpus a synchronic corpus contains language data from one time period. Therefore , it can be used for comparing language varieties. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:synchroniclinguistics&rev=1601547800&do=diff synchronic linguistics The study of languages and language systems at on a particular point in time. Most modern linguistics is synchronic in this sense. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:synonymy&rev=1601547800&do=diff synonymy Sameness of meaning; two or more lexemes rarely ever have exactly the same meaning and range of applicability; total synonymy is rare and violates language economy. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:syntagmaticrelation&rev=1601547800&do=diff syntagmatic relation The relationship between signs occurring in a sequence. For antonymic relation cf. paradigmatic relation. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:syntax&rev=1601547801&do=diff syntax The study of the sentence structure; studies the rules underlying the combination of words into larger units of meaning (i.e. sentences). text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:teaching-grammar&rev=1601547801&do=diff teaching grammar A combination of both prescriptive and descriptive approaches with the aim of teaching a language to children and foreigners. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:teethridge&rev=1601547801&do=diff teeth ridge Organ of speech directly behind the upper teeth and between the upper teeth and the hard palate. Also refered to as alveolar rigde. text/html 2022-01-29T22:20:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:token&rev=1643491203&do=diff token The concept of the token, aka running word, captures the single occurrences of each word form in a data sample, i.e. corpus or text. Each string of letters or alphanumeric characters and punctuation marks is defined as one token. If the same word form occurs more than once in a sample each occurrence is counted as one token. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:tongue&rev=1601547801&do=diff tongue The tongue is involved in the articulation of all speech sounds in that is has an influence on the shape of the resonating cavities and also makes contact with particular points in the mouth for the production of speech sounds; the tip, rims and back of the tongue are all involved in the articulation of different speech sounds by making contact with other organs of speech and thereby causing obstructions in the airstream. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:tool_overview&rev=1601547801&do=diff Overview of linguistic tools text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:trachea&rev=1601547801&do=diff trachea Tube leading from the lungs upwards. Also referred to as wind-pipe. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:traditionalapproachtosyntax&rev=1601547801&do=diff traditional approach to syntax Chief concern: labelling of sentence elements and their function in the sentence plus discussion of the rules of word order (based on Latin and Greek languages) Criticism * the three classificatory criteria commonly used (notional/semantic, formal/morphological, syntactic) are not adequate for all words in the language text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:transcription&rev=1601547802&do=diff transcription Transcription is the process of capturing speech sounds in a conventional system of symbols. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:transformation&rev=1601547802&do=diff transformation Rules that show how sentences with the same meaning but different grammatical realisations (surface structures) are generated from the same deep structure; an example are active and passive forms of sentences that actually convey the same facts by means of different grammatical structures. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:transformationalgenerativegrammar&rev=1601547802&do=diff transformational generative grammar Generative grammar attempts to describe the rules underlying the generation of ever new sentences on the basis of a potentially limited inventory of linguistic material , instead of seeking to analyse large amounts of actually observed language material , the generative grammarian describes rules underlying the generation of infinitely many new utterances based on the competence and the creativity of the native speaker. The approach came to be known as transf… text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:transitiveverb&rev=1601547802&do=diff transitive verbs Carry the action of the subject and apply it to an object. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:translationcorpus&rev=1601547802&do=diff translation corpus Corpus texts and their translations. Also referred to as parallel corpus. text/html 2022-01-29T22:40:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:type-token-ratio&rev=1643492454&do=diff type-token ratio (TTR) The type-token ratio models the relation between the number of unique words and the number of running words (tokens). Basic formula: TTR = (number of types / number of tokens) Context concepts: token, tokenisation, type, type-token ratio, TTR, word form text/html 2022-01-29T22:20:49+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:type&rev=1643491249&do=diff type The concept of the type captures the unique word form in a data sample. The number of types in a data sample is the number of different word forms in the sample. Example: The woman on the hill with the telescope. Number of tokens: 6 excluding the punctuation mark; 7 including the punctuation mark. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:velum&rev=1601547802&do=diff velum The soft area of the roof of the mouth (palate) located at the very back of the oral cavity that can be lowered and raised to channel the airstream through nose and mouth. Also referred to as soft palate. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:verb&rev=1601547802&do=diff verb Part of speech that denotes an action, an occurrence or a state of being types of verb: * transitive * intransitive * linking text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:vocalfolds&rev=1601547802&do=diff vocal folds Two folds of ligament and elastic tissue which can be brought closer together or further apart by muscular action. Also referred to as vocal chords. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:voicing&rev=1601547803&do=diff voicing Causing the vocal cords to vibrate; leads to the production of voiced or voiceless consonants, e.g. voiceless and voiced alveolar plosives /t/ - /d/. text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:vowels&rev=1601547803&do=diff vowels Vowels are more difficult to describe in articulatory terms because their articulation relies on variations of tongue position and of the shape of the mouth; no clear contact between organs of speech can be felt: * Vowels are voiced sounds text/html 2020-10-01T12:23:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:word&rev=1601547803&do=diff word Lexical vs. grammatical word; orthographic word, phonological word, multi-word lexical units (e.g. phrasal verbs to take off; compounds). text/html 2021-11-04T18:25:47+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:wordform&rev=1636046747&do=diff word form Actual realisation of a LEXEME . text/html 2021-07-07T11:36:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://linguisticsweb.org/doku.php?id=linguisticsweb:glossary:wordformation&rev=1625650583&do=diff word-formation The study of the processes by means of which a language forms new words out of newly coined ( rare ) or already existing morphemes in the language. Examples of processes of English word-formation are: * derivation * compounding